Hearing that your doctor found polyps during a colonoscopy can sound alarming, but in most cases, these growths are not immediately dangerous. However, understanding what polyps are, why they develop, and how they are managed is essential for preventing colorectal cancer and maintaining long-term digestive health. This article explores the significance of finding polyps during a colonoscopy procedure, what different types mean, and what steps to take afterward.
Understanding What Polyps Are
Polyps are abnormal tissue growths that form on the inner lining of the colon or rectum. They can vary in size—from a few millimeters to several centimeters—and may appear flat, raised, or mushroom-shaped. Most polyps are benign, meaning they are not cancerous, but some can develop into cancer over time if left untreated.
Polyps are fairly common, especially in people over the age of 50. In fact, studies show that about one in three adults will develop at least one polyp during their lifetime. Since they rarely cause symptoms, polyps are often discovered only through a colonoscopy test, which allows doctors to directly examine the inside of the colon.
Types of Polyps and What They Indicate
Not all polyps carry the same level of risk. Doctors typically classify them into several types based on their appearance and cellular structure.
- Adenomatous (Adenomas): These are the most common type and are considered precancerous. While not all adenomas turn into cancer, most colorectal cancers begin as adenomatous polyps. Removing them during colonoscopy helps prevent cancer development.
- Hyperplastic Polyps: These polyps are usually small and found in the lower colon. Most are considered harmless and carry a very low risk of becoming cancerous. However, larger or multiple hyperplastic polyps may require closer monitoring.
- Sessile Serrated Adenomas (SSAs): These have a flat shape and are more difficult to detect. Though they may appear similar to hyperplastic polyps, SSAs have a higher potential to develop into cancer if not removed.
- Inflammatory Polyps: Common in people with inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis, these polyps are generally not precancerous but may indicate chronic inflammation of the colon.
Why Polyps Form
The exact cause of polyp formation is not always clear, but several factors increase the risk of developing them. Age is one of the biggest risk factors—polyps are far more common after age 50. Genetics also play a role, as having a family history of colorectal cancer or polyps raises the likelihood of developing them yourself.
Lifestyle factors such as a diet high in red or processed meats, smoking, obesity, and lack of physical activity have also been linked to polyp formation. Chronic inflammation in the colon and certain medical conditions, including type 2 diabetes, may further increase risk.
Understanding these factors can help patients take preventive steps, such as maintaining a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol.
What Happens When Polyps Are Found During Colonoscopy
If polyps are discovered during a colonoscopy, the doctor will typically remove them immediately using special instruments passed through the colonoscope. This process, called polypectomy, is usually painless and performed during the same procedure.
Once removed, the polyps are sent to a laboratory for biopsy to determine their type and whether any precancerous or cancerous changes are present. The pathology report helps guide follow-up recommendations. For example, if the polyps are small and noncancerous, your next screening may be in 5 to 10 years. However, if larger or multiple adenomatous polyps are found, your doctor may recommend a repeat colonoscopy in 3 years or sooner.
When Polyps Indicate Higher Risk
Certain findings during a colonoscopy suggest a higher risk for developing colorectal cancer in the future. These include having multiple adenomas, polyps larger than 1 centimeter, or polyps showing dysplasia—abnormal cell changes that could lead to cancer.
In these cases, closer follow-up and lifestyle adjustments are important. Your doctor may recommend more frequent screenings or genetic testing if there is a strong family history of colon cancer.
It’s worth noting that detecting and removing high-risk polyps early can drastically reduce the chances of developing colorectal cancer. Colonoscopy remains the most effective preventive tool for this reason.
What You Can Do After Polyps Are Found
If you’ve had polyps removed, the best next step is to focus on prevention and surveillance. Follow your doctor’s advice for repeat screenings, as early detection is key to avoiding future complications.
Adopting a fiber-rich diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains supports colon health. Limiting red and processed meats, exercising regularly, and maintaining a healthy weight can also lower the risk of recurrence. Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption further enhances protection.
For individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer, genetic counseling and earlier screening may be advised. Discussing your risk factors with your healthcare provider ensures that your screening plan is personalized and effective.
Conclusion
Finding polyps during a colonoscopy is common and not necessarily a cause for alarm. Most polyps are benign, and removing them prevents potential progression to colorectal cancer. Understanding the different types of polyps, their risks, and the importance of follow-up care empowers patients to take control of their digestive health.
Regular screenings, healthy lifestyle choices, and open communication with your doctor all play vital roles in maintaining colon health and preventing future complications.
